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      <title>如何在 Linux 中实现文件系统的安全性加固？ - 交互式测验</title>
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    <body>
      <div class="main-wrapper">
          <div class="quiz-container">
            <div class="quiz-header">
              <h1>如何在 Linux 中实现文件系统的安全性加固？ - 交互式测验</h1>
              <p>检验你对文档内容的理解程度</p>
            </div>
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      <script>
        const quizData = [
  {
    "question": "在加固Linux文件系统时，LUKS (Linux Unified Key Setup) 工具主要用于实现哪种安全措施？",
    "options": [
      "对特定的文件或目录进行加密，以便用户登录后访问。",
      "实施强制访问控制（MAC）策略，限制进程对文件的访问。",
      "对整个磁盘分区进行加密（FDE），保护数据在系统关闭或磁盘被盗时的安全。",
      "为特定用户或组设置细粒度的文件访问权限。"
    ],
    "correctAnswerIndex": 2,
    "explanation": "LUKS是Linux下实现全盘加密（Full Disk Encryption, FDE）的标准工具。它在磁盘分区级别上对所有数据进行加密，确保即使物理磁盘丢失或被盗，数据也无法被读取，因为解密密钥在系统启动时才提供。",
    "source": "文档中「1. 使用加密」-「全盘加密（Full Disk Encryption, FDE）」部分",
    "hint": "文档中提到了两种加密方式：一种是针对整个磁盘的，另一种是针对特定文件/目录的。LUKS对应的是哪一种？"
  },
  {
    "question": "为什么在配置文件权限时，应极力避免将权限设置为“777”？",
    "options": [
      "因为它会阻止文件所有者执行该文件。",
      "因为它会将文件的所有权转移给root用户，导致普通用户无法访问。",
      "因为它会使文件变成只读，即使是所有者也无法修改。",
      "因为它授予了系统上的任何用户读取、写入和执行该文件的权限，构成了严重的安全风险。"
    ],
    "correctAnswerIndex": 3,
    "explanation": "权限“777”表示文件的所有者（Owner）、所属组（Group）和其他所有用户（Others）都拥有读（4）、写（2）和执行（1）的全部权限（4+2+1=7）。这种“宽松权限”意味着任何能访问系统的用户都可以随意查看、修改甚至执行该文件，极易被滥用或被恶意软件利用。",
    "source": "文档中「2. 配置文件权限」-「避免使用宽松权限」部分",
    "hint": "数字权限中的三个数字分别代表所有者、组和其他人。数字“7”代表什么权限的组合？"
  },
  {
    "question": "除了传统的 `chmod` 权限管理，文档中提到的哪项技术可以为特定用户（非文件所有者或所属组成员）设置精细化的访问权限？",
    "options": [
      "SELinux",
      "logrotate",
      "Access Control Lists (ACLs)",
      "auditd"
    ],
    "correctAnswerIndex": 2,
    "explanation": "访问控制列表（Access Control Lists, ACLs）是对标准UGO（User, Group, Other）权限模型的扩展。它允许管理员为文件或目录授予任意指定用户或组的访问权限，实现了比`chmod`更灵活、更细粒度的权限控制。",
    "source": "文档中「3. 实施访问控制」-「使用 Access Control Lists (ACLs)」部分",
    "hint": "思考一下，当你需要给一个既不是文件所有者也不是文件所属组成员的用户赋予特定权限时，哪种工具最适合？"
  },
  {
    "question": "在 `/etc/fstab` 文件中为某个分区设置 `noexec` 挂载选项，其主要的安全目的是什么？",
    "options": [
      "防止在该分区上创建设备文件（device files）。",
      "阻止在该分区上运行任何可执行文件或脚本。",
      "禁止在该分区上的文件设置SUID位，防止权限提升攻击。",
      "将该分区挂载为只读模式，防止任何数据写入。"
    ],
    "correctAnswerIndex": 1,
    "explanation": "`noexec`（no execute）选项会禁止操作系统在该挂载的文件系统上执行任何程序。这对于防止在上传目录（如/tmp或/var/www/uploads）中执行恶意脚本非常有效，从而增强了系统的安全性。",
    "source": "文档中「4. 保护敏感数据」-「配置 noexec, nosuid, 和 nodev 选项」部分",
    "hint": "这个选项的名称“noexec”直接暗示了它的功能。它阻止的是哪一种操作？"
  },
  {
    "question": "根据文档，SELinux和AppArmor提供了哪一类强大的访问控制机制？",
    "options": [
      "基于角色的访问控制 (RBAC)",
      "自主访问控制 (DAC)",
      "强制访问控制 (MAC)",
      "文件级加密控制 (FEC)"
    ],
    "correctAnswerIndex": 2,
    "explanation": "SELinux和AppArmor是Linux内核安全模块，它们实现了强制访问控制（Mandatory Access Control, MAC）。与用户可以自行修改权限的自主访问控制（DAC，如chmod）不同，MAC通过系统级的安全策略来严格限制进程可以访问哪些资源，即使是root用户也受到策略的约束。",
    "source": "文档中「3. 实施访问控制」-「利用 SELinux 或 AppArmor」部分",
    "hint": "文档中提到这些工具提供了“强大的强制访问控制（MAC）机制”。"
  },
  {
    "question": "为了监控对关键文件（如 `/etc/passwd`）的访问和修改，文档推荐使用哪个工具来记录相关事件？",
    "options": [
      "logrotate",
      "Lynis",
      "auditd",
      "systemctl"
    ],
    "correctAnswerIndex": 2,
    "explanation": "`auditd`是Linux审计守护进程，它负责监控和记录系统调用以及文件访问事件。通过配置审计规则（使用`auditctl`），管理员可以精确地追踪谁在什么时间、对哪个重要文件进行了何种操作（读、写、执行、属性更改），这对于事后追溯和入侵检测至关重要。",
    "source": "文档中「5. 实施审计和监控」-「启用 auditd」部分",
    "hint": "哪个工具的名称听起来就像是为“审计”（audit）系统活动而设计的？"
  },
  {
    "question": "以下哪项措施最能直接有效地“减少系统的攻击面”？",
    "options": [
      "定期使用`yum update`更新系统补丁。",
      "使用`cryptsetup`对硬盘进行全盘加密。",
      "使用`systemctl disable`关闭不必要的服务。",
      "配置`logrotate`来管理日志文件。"
    ],
    "correctAnswerIndex": 2,
    "explanation": "“攻击面”是指系统中可能被攻击者利用来发起攻击的所有点的总和。关闭不必要的服务和守护进程，以及只安装必需的软件包（最小化安装），可以直接减少正在运行的、可能存在漏洞的程序数量，从而有效缩小攻击面。",
    "source": "文档中「7. 避免不必要的服务和应用」部分",
    "hint": "减少攻击面意味着减少潜在的入口点。在列出的选项中，哪一项直接减少了系统中正在运行且可能被攻击的组件？"
  }
];
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            const totalQuestions = quizData.length;
            const answeredCount = userAnswers.filter(a => a !== null).length;
            const wrongCount = answeredCount - correctCount;
            const skippedCount = totalQuestions - answeredCount;
            const accuracy = totalQuestions > 0 ? Math.round((correctCount / totalQuestions) * 100) : 0;
            const errorRate = totalQuestions > 0 ? Math.round((wrongCount / totalQuestions) * 100) : 0;

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                '<h2>答题报告</h2>' +
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                '<div class="score-card">' +
                '<h3>得分</h3>' +
                '<p>' + correctCount + ' / ' + totalQuestions + '</p>' +
                '</div>' +
                '<div class="score-card">' +
                '<h3>正确率</h3>' +
                '<p>' + accuracy + '%</p>' +
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                '<div class="score-card">' +
                '<h3>错误率</h3>' +
                '<p>' + errorRate + '%</p>' +
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                '<div class="score-card score-details">' +
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                '<tr><td>正确</td><td>' + correctCount + '</td></tr>' +
                '<tr><td>错误</td><td>' + wrongCount + '</td></tr>' +
                '<tr><td>未答</td><td>' + skippedCount + '</td></tr>' +
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                '</div>' +
                '</div>' +
                '<div class="report-actions">' +
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        }

        function reviewQuiz() {
            const reportEl = document.querySelector('.final-score-container');
            if (reportEl) {
                reportEl.remove();
            }

            document.querySelector('.quiz-body').style.display = 'block';
            document.getElementById('quiz-footer').style.display = 'flex';
            
            currentQuestionIndex = 0;
            loadQuestion();
            updateNavigationButtons(); // Ensure nav buttons are correctly displayed
        }

        // Event Delegation for options
        optionsListEl.addEventListener('click', (event) => {
            if (event.target && event.target.matches('li.option-item')) {
                // Check if the question has already been answered
                if (userAnswers[currentQuestionIndex] === null) {
                    const selectedIndex = parseInt(event.target.dataset.index, 10);
                    selectOption(selectedIndex);
                }
            }
        });

        prevBtn.addEventListener('click', goToPreviousQuestion);
        nextBtn.addEventListener('click', goToNextQuestion);
        hintBtn.addEventListener('click', showHint);
        
        // 初始加载
        loadQuestion();
      </script>
    </body>
    </html>
  